Programs in which people pay now for some potential future benefit are known as –, whereas programs in which recipients are not expected to pay for the program and instead are awarded based on need are called –.

Programs, where people pay now for some prospective future advantage, are known as contributory, whereas programs where beneficiaries are not likely to pay for the program but are awarded based on need are called noncontributory.

Explanation:

Contributory welfare programs as the name implies are the benefits which can be acquired even after retirement. All Americans are entitled to payroll taxes as per the law which allows them to be eligible for such programs.

Social security program which provides safety to the adults, unemployment insurance safeguards the American unemployed people in daily life and health insurance for the people who have prolonged illness.

Non-contributory programs such as Medicaid provide benefit to low income Americans. Even though people have not paid any taxes; they are entitled for such programs.  

answer; no longer than a reasonable period of time;

answer; because they must appeal to a broad cross-section of the population;