A concentrating collector is located at φ = 27◦ and is rotated about a single axis so as to always minimize the angle of incidence of beam radiation on it. On April 5, at solar times of 9 AM and noon, calculate the angle of incidence:

Step-by-step explanation:

first of all consider below formula and calculation for better understanding...

The angle of incidence of direct rays on an inclined receptor surface depends on the angle of inclination в of the surface to the horizontal, and also on the surface y. From a given position of the sun (zenith angle dz and solar azimuth y), the angle of incidence can be calculated from the horizon coordinates dz and ys:

( take below as assumption for better understanding)...

1) cosd = cos0z cos в + sin0z sin в cos (ys — y) (2.16)

or, when using equator coordinates 8 and o,

cos# = (cosв sinФ + cosФcos/sinP)sinS

+ (cosв cosФ-sinФcos/sin/3)cosScosa (2.17)

– sin/sin в cos S sin®

Simplifications of the formula result e. g. from horizontal surfaces with в = 0° (Equation (2.12) of the zenith angle) or vertical and south-oriented facade surfaces (в = 90°, / = 180°):

cos в = – cos Ф sinS + sin Ф cosScosa (2.18)

so as per thisys says The direction of the sunlight depends on the position of the sun relative to the photo­voltaic modules and on the degree of disturbance that the solar radiation suffers( depends upon situation) while traveling through the atmosphere from space to the Earth’s surface.

see explanation

step-by-step explanation:

a

(6r + 7) + (13 + 7r) ( remove brackets and collect like terms )

= 6r + 7 + 13 + 7r

= 13r + 20

b

remove brackets and collect like terms

13 - r - 1 + r

= 12 - r

c

remove brackets and collect like terms

= - 8 - r + 2r - 4

= - 12 + r

d

remove brackets and collect like terms

= 7r - - - 6r

[-   - = - - = - ]

= r -

no its the same as every other grade

step-by-step explanation: