Some bacteria have developed a resistance to antibiotics through random mutations. One such mutation allows bacteria to produce enzymes that inactivate the
antibiotics when they enter the bacteria
Which statement describes how this mutation occurs?

1. The nutation occurs when nucleic acids are replicated

2. The mutation occurs in chloroplasts during photosynthesis
3. The mutation occurs in mitochondria during cellular respiration
4. The mutation occurs when molecules move across the cell membrane.

The kidney filters potentially toxic substances in the blood, and thus “clears” the blood of those substances. this clearance function is dependent upon and proportional to the diffusion gradient of the substance across filtering capillaries, i.e. if the concentration of the substance is doubled, twice as much will be cleared from each ml of blood that is filtered. suppose that the body produces a constant amount of a substance x per unit of time. the kidneys eliminate substance x at a rate directly proportional to the concentration of the substance and the volume of blood cleared each minute (c): elimination = c × [x], where [x] is the steady-state concentration of substance x. imagine an individual with an initial concentration of x equal to [x]0 who develops kidney disease. her baseline clearance c0 drops to one half of the original (½c0). what is the new steady state concentration of x? (for simplicity, assume that substance x is 100% filtered by the kidney).

Has anyone taken the genetics unit test in connexus? not looking for answers, just a little bit what to expect and some with studying.

What is any method of measuring the age of an object or event in years, such as using atomic half-life?