Scholarly materials: tend to have flashy visuals and colorful graphics. don't require peer review. don't usually have citations. include information on the researcher's process or methods.

Scholarly materials: include information on the researcher's process or methods.

Explanation:

Scholarly materials or sources are also known as academic, refereed or peer-reviewed sources. As those names suggest, scholarly materials are written by academics or experts in a certain field. They are supposed to be peer-reviewed in order to be validated. They must contain citations as a form of evidence when mentioning literature and other sources. They tend to have more sober visuals, since their purpose is to inform instead of to entertain or attract the general audience. Finally, they must include information on the researcher's process or methods. As we can see, we can eliminate the first three options and choose the last one as the correct answer.

as university of miami psychologists debra lieberman and adam smith pointed out in a recent article in the journal current directions in psychological science, humans have social and psychological mechanisms to deter incest. with very few exceptions, marriages between brothers and sisters and between parents and their children are verboten in every human culture. the primary psychological anti-incest mechanism is the yuck response. even the idea of sex with their mom or dad, bro or sis is upsetting to most people. the psychologist jonathan haidt has found that nearly everyone is repelled by the prospect of brother-sister sex, even in hypothetical situations in which there is no chance of pregnancy).

the biological cost of incest

this raises an interesting question: just what’s so bad about incest? sure, having sex with your dad or your sister seems gross — but why? some anthropologists have argued that incest taboos are learned social conventions. this explanation, however, doesn’t make sense to me as it does not explain the widespread existence of anti-incest mechanisms in creatures ranging from cockroaches to chimpanzees. second, the incest taboo is about as close to a universal law as human moral rules get.

why should mechanisms to avoid incest be so widespread both in nature and across human societies? the answer is simple. the problem with having sex close with relatives is that there is an astonishingly high chance that your offspring will be born with a serious birth defect.

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