Jack observes a dog. according to the principle of fundamental changes in the stimulus occur between the actual dog and jack's perception of the dog.

Transformation

Explanation:

Transformation is a process of changes in the thoughts of a person in psychology. This type of change occurs in thoughts and it cost high value. Transformation occurs in a different form in different contexts with a different value. For example when a person becomes religious before he was a nonreligious person. He starts to participate in religious work then it is a great transformation in the thought of a person.  

In the view of Piaget transformation is like any change occur in the experience that person experience before

A transformation occurs in psychoanalysis in which person gets to about their unconscious desires. So that Jack's perception for the dog is the example of transformation.

c. reserves power to the states and people