Political pundits talk about the "bounce" that a presidential candidate gets after his party's convention. in the past 40 years, it has averaged about 6 percentage points. just before a recent convention, a random poll of 1500 likely voters found that 56% favored a particular candidate. just afterward, another random sample of 1500 likely voters found that 59% favored that candidate. that's a three percentage point increase, but the pollsters claimed that there was no bounce. explain.

True or false? correlations can only be negative.

The authors of the paper "fudging the numbers: distributing chocolate influences student evaluations of an undergraduate course"† carried out a study to see if events unrelated to an undergraduate course could affect student evaluations. students enrolled in statistics courses taught by the same instructor participated in the study. all students attended the same lectures and one of six discussion sections that met once a week. at the end of the course, the researchers chose three of the discussion sections to be the "chocolate group." students in these three sections were offered chocolate prior to having them fill out course evaluations. students in the other three sections were not offered chocolate. the researchers concluded that "overall, students offered chocolate gave more positive evaluations than students not offered chocolate." indicate whether the study is an observational study or an experiment. give a brief explanation for your choice.

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