Most initiative campaigns today are sponsored by a. interest groups seeking to circumvent legislative opposition to their goals. b. candidates for political office who see it as a way to engage in money swapping. c. political parties seeking to raise public awareness about a particular issue. d. issue networks that want to change government policies without attracting attention from the public. e. citizens who care deeply about a given issue.

Most initiative campaigns today are sponsored by interest groups seeking to circumvent legislative opposition to their goals.

Option A

Explanation:

The initiative campaigns run by various interest groups are to serve either of the two following purposes,

I) to influence the legislative by doing what the legislative seeks and make it take decisions in the favour of the interest groups, or

II) to bypass the opposition of the legislative and reach the goals with the help of popularity gained in public.

new communications technology has affected the way social movements are organized because nowadays, social movements rely on social networks and the media to get different people with a similar way of thinking in contact, and thus, get them to mobilize for a greater cause.

individuals only participate in collective action when they feel identified with it. is in this aspect that social media becomes relevant, because it guarantees communication among all individuals and organizes the social actions that are going to be carried out, i.e., the social movements.

in addition, being covered by the media is important to validate the message and make it relevant in the social agenda, as well as to reach more people who can share interests, appealing to public sympathy for their cause.

in conclusion, it is by social networks and social media that social movement is given birth; by connecting different individuals with similar ideas and organizing them to mobilize for a greater cause.

for many centuries there were important factors which the economies of the muslim empires developed increasingly. they applied economic procedures in production, investment, finance, taxation and property. they used to tax certain goods (for example: harvest), they charged interest on money lent, they signed contracts with merchants; they relied on a common currency, and they used checks as well as promissory notes. with the money collected by means of taxation, the government provided the needy with an income. in addition, trading networks covered huge distances, so far regions started to have contact and exchange goods. this trade network covered areas of asia, africa and europe.