Which term is defined as the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in the material it is passing through? angle of incidence index of reflection index of refraction angle of reflection

Newton's law of universal gravitation states that the force f between two masses, m1 and m2, is given below, where g is a constant and d is the distance between the masses. find an equation that gives an instantaneous rate of change of f with respect to d. (assume m1 and m2 represent moving points.)

At time t=0, a particle is located at the point (3,6,9). it travels in a straight line to the point (5,2,7), has speed 8 at (3,6,9) and constant acceleration 2i−4j−2k. find an equation for the position vector of the particle.

Which articulations allow for greatest range of motion?