A student swings a 5.0 Kg pail of water in a vertical circle of radius 1.3m. What is the minimum speed at the top of the circle if the water is not to spill from pail.

v = 3.57 m / s

Explanation:

Let's use Newton's second law in the upper part of the circle, with the minimum speed so that the water does not rest on the circle, that is, the normal is zero

          W = m a

acceleration is centripetal

          a = v² / r

let's substitute

         mg = m v² / r

         v =

let's calculate

        v = ra 1.3 9.8

        v = 3.57 m / s

as we know our atmosphere or air have different levels. every level has other gasses, and every gas has another permeability. when the light comes from lower permeability to higher permeability, it changes its direction. so that means that when the light comes from the moon to the earth, it changes it's direction many more times. it basically means that the shape of the light part of the moon is changed on the earth.

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