1. The points and reforms made by the Ottoman Empire in the document above reflect which of the following developments? a.) The resistance of traditional groups to industrialization
b.) The hesitation of Muslim elites to adopt Western ideals
c.) Attempted redress to growing nationalist concerns within the empire

2. Based on the document, which of the following developments most-likely contributed to the policies of the Ottoman Empire in the early to mid-19th century?

a.) The breaking away of Mamluk elites at the hands of Muhammad Ali in Egypt
b.) Tax reforms coming in anticipation of increased trade with the building of the Suez Canal in Egypt
c.) Growing ethnic tensions and nationalist calls for independence from the Balkans region of Europe