what happened to non muslims and people who refused to convert during the expansion of the arab empire

Probably the same as in the Ottoman empire

Explanation:

The Ottomans first implemented a system where south slavs,Greeks, Romanians,etc...Who didn't convert played higer taxes,and we're not able to get to higher positions.

answer; i do believe that the (14th)fourteenth amendment is the correct answer

food and resources were plentiful.

women were encouraged to marry later in life so they could work in factories.