What were the effects of vagrancy laws passed by the southern states after the Civil War?
O They made it easier for African Americans to purchase land from each other.
O They ensured that all emancipated African Americans would get 40 acres and a mule.
They made it illegal for African Americans to be unemployed or homeless.
They were the "separate but equal" laws that segregated Americans in public places.

“the battle of stalingrad is not a turning point necessarily in strategic terms, because a lot more has to be done before the soviets can be certain of defeating germany,” says renowned world war ii historian richard overy. the germans had fought nearly a thousand miles across the soviet union to get to stalingrad.

1.) irish.

2.) settlers could obtain cheap land nearby

3.) steam engine

explanation:

hello,

the steamboat is your answer.

it seems like its the only form of transportation on the choices.