How did the peace treaties both follow and violate the principle of self-determination

self-determination was placed in only for Europe, and not in the outer territories and this came to be known as the system of mandates.

Explanation: The system of mandates led to freeing some of the colonies under German control only for them to be put under control of the allies such as England and France.

Self-determination is a political principle an is the process by which a group of people form their own state and choose their own government. In World War I the Allies accepted self-determination as a peace aim.

In Eastern Europe, when the German, Austrian, and Russian empires fell, many nations emerged and this self-determination led to the creation of many nations such as Czechoslovakia, Poland, the Baltic states, and Yugoslavia. However, by creating mandates outside Europe, the treaties ignored non-European peoples' right to self determination.

the french revolution main idea was to give power to the people. the revolution was influenced by the enlightenment ideas, reasoning and skepticism pushed people to revolt against standards and norms in french society.

the problem was that the revolution caused political turmoil, and napoleon saw this as an opportunity and launched a coup d’état in november 1799. he became the first consul of france and later named french emperor.

some people see napoleon as a hero of the revolution and others see him as a traitor.

people see him as a traitor because he noticed the political turmoil and used this moment to rise to power. others see him as a hero of the revolution because he had some political and military achievements - in which he was committed to promoting the achievements of the french revolution - he had extensive public constructions, made a civil reform.

in a bigger picture, napoleon had some huge achievements in france which made him very important, but the fact that he seized power to himself makes him an undeniable traitor to the revolution since the main idea of it was to remove people from power and give power to the people.

a, c, & d are correct:

they wanted lands to settle the extra population.

they wanted new markets for english goods.

they wanted to avoid civil war.