He Laws of Hammurabi are a formal, official royal inscription. To the extent, then, that they might represent a type of royal propaganda, reflect upon their usefulness and reliability as sources for our understanding of ancient Babylonian society?

The Laws of Hammurabi, or the Code of Hammurabi, is a code of law that dates back to ancient Mesopotamia, about 1754 BCE. The code was enacted by the sixth Babylonian King, Hammurabi. Because of this origin, the laws of Hammurabi can be considered a type of royal propaganda. What this means is that the code gives a partial and idealized view of society. It presents the king in a very good light, and portrays Babylonian society as ordered and just. Although the code is extremely useful in helping us understand this civilization, it is important that we do not take it as an absolute and undeniable truth when trying to learn about the characteristics of this society.

the industrial development of cities in the ruhr area in the nineteenth century is described. the research was based on english and german language sources. several factors that shaped growth and paths of the cities were categorized and analyzed. they are locations, resources, traditions, entrepreneurs, and technological developments. locations and resources were the most important among them; other factors may be regarded as consequences from locations and resources. among the cities, bochum, essen, gelsenkirchen, and dortmund had the richest resources and most favorable locations in the transportation network and grew to be the largest cities in the ruhr area near the end of the nineteenth century. riverside location was also a favorable factor for the development, as shown in the development of duisburg on the confluence of rhine and ruhr. resource distribution can explain the rise of textile industry, metallurgical industry, and coal and iron industries, and the northward progression of the mining industry. tradition was an important factor for cities such as krefeld, barmen, elberfeld, solingen, and remscheid, which experienced development based on their traditions through the nineteenth century. various entrepreneurs exerted influences within and beyond the local level over the ruhr area. technological development stimulated the northward progression of the mining industry and the deep connection between the coal and the iron industries.

the foundation of greek city-states: following the fall of the mycenaean civilization in the 10th century bc, the area surrounding the empire went through its own mini dark ages. answer and explanation