What idea is stressed in the passage?

the desire for liberty
the establishment of an oligarchy
the dismantling of an acquired state
the tendency toward rebellion

How did the church gain secular power? a) monks forced massive numbers of people to convert through fear of punishment. b) the church issued interdicts, laws passed by the church regardless of secular law. c) the church's power to deny the sacraments gave the church power over christians. d) canon law established secular courts under the control of the church.