What invention contributed most to the spread of both the ottoman and safavid empires?

Along narrative poem about the heroic figure is

Ascientist performs an experiment where she measures the mass of a piece of metal, pours acid onto the metal, washes the metal, and then re-measures the mass of the metal. the scientist repeats the experiment several times, each time increasing the amount of acid used. the dependent variable in the experiment is the: initial mass of the metal final mass of the metal amount of acid used washing the metal

Which of these works from the italian renaissance exhibits contrapposto?