How did the axis powers achieve victories in 1939 and 1940?

early Axis victoriesGerman military theory and tactics had undergone a radical change between the wars. Largerly due to the efforts of Heinz Guderian who came up with the idea of blitzkreig or lightnig war. The idea was, unlike the first world war, to mass your forces, specifically heavy high speed armour and air cover, and strike the enemy at a single point forcing a large corridor into the enemies territories. By moving armoured vehicles behind the major defenses of the enemy you can now destroy the communication and command structures of the enemy effectivley paralysing the forward defence forces which without guidance become ineffective and easily defeated.

when studying cause and effect, historians usually group the causes into different categories. for example, cultural causes reflect how a society’s literature and art convey the way the society saw itself in relation to the rest of the world. another resource that historians use to understand society is pop culture, which tells them the trends and ideas that are preferred by the common people. when studying cause and effect, it’s important to remember multiple causation, or the idea that an effect could have several causes and vice versa.  

the correct option is “cultural causes” since art and literature are related to the culture of a place. culture is determined by literature, art, music.

the correct option is “pop culture” since it reflects the likes and ideas of common people whereas the rest of the options do not focus on common people.  

the correct option is “multiple causation” since it refers to the idea that events are caused by multiple reasons, not just a single one.