How are flashbacks usually used in written narratives? They make the reader wonder about the impact of future events.
They help the reader to relate to the internal conflicts a character is having.
They give clues to help the reader predict what will happen later in the story.
They provide background information to help the reader understand events.

They provide background information to help the reader understand events.

Explanation:

Flashbacks talk about a previous event, meaning they can explain the current situation in some way, shape, or form, be it how a friend was made or why so-and-so hates bars.

However, internal conflicts could be a good second answer as it could answer the question of why this is such a big deal (I.E. why being forced to throw out a rose when it was touched by a crush during a herbology lesson or something is something the protagonist doesn't want to do despite the fact it's been dead for weeks, though, again gives context for why said rose is important).

a-he encouraged islamic schools to introduce greek texts.

d-he invited greek scholars to teach their texts to the locals.

explanation:

the transmission of the greek classics to latin western europe during the middle ages was a key factor in the development of intellectual life in western europe.[1] interest in greek texts and their availability was scarce in the latin west during the earlier middle ages, but as traffic to the east increased so did western scholarship.

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