the author indicates that it is a generally held belief that compared to an education based on science, a literally education is:

1)a

2 b

3 d

4 d or b

explanation:

main idea: it is important to prepare today for the needs of tomorrow.

the grasshopper was dying due to hunger, and this was because he didn't prepare for the winter.

the ants told the grasshopper, "if you were foolish enough to sing all the summer, you must dance supperless to bed in the winter."

the ants were spending a fine winter's day drying grain collected in the summertime.