Read the excerpt from "the rosetta stone.”

egyptian scripts were replaced with coptic, which included six demotic characters. in the ninth century, arab scholar abu bakr ahmad ibn-wahshiyah was able to partly decipher the hieroglyphs by comparing them to coptic. but in the eleventh century, it too was replaced, by arabic. the link was once again severed. for centuries, western scholars tried to decipher the hieroglyphs, with little success. they were working under a false hypothesis, that the hieroglyphs were pictograms, with each symbol representing an object or an idea.

which is the best summary of this paragraph?

a.) after coptic became the prominent script, it was replaced by arabic, which resulted in breaking society’s connection to ancient times.
b.) for many centuries, people who spoke a variety of different languages tried to figure out the meaning of hieroglyphs.
c.) hieroglyphs are letters, not symbols representing a whole idea, which many scholars throughout history were not aware of.
d.) for a long time, scholars from different places tried to figure out the meaning of hieroglyphs, but they mistakenly believed each hieroglyph was a symbol.

1. read the following excerpt from franklin d. roosevelt's "fireside chat 19":

on the other side of the picture, we must learn also to know that guerilla warfare against the germans in, let us say serbia or norway, us; that a successful russian offensive against the germans us; and that british successes on land or sea in any part of the world strengthen our hands.

remember always that germany and italy, regardless of any formal declaration of war, consider themselves at war with the united states at this moment just as much as they consider themselves at war with britain or russia. and germany puts all the other republics of the americas into the same category of enemies. the people of our sister republics of this hemisphere can be honored by that fact.  

the true goal we seek is far above and beyond the ugly field of battle. when we resort to force, as now we must, we are determined that this force shall be directed toward ultimate good as well as against immediate evil. we americans are not destroyers — we are builders.

analyze the effectiveness of this excerpt. how does it function within the speech as a whole? how does the structure of the excerpt to convey the speech's purpose and key points? support your argument with evidence from the speech. (10 points)

this labor, by slow prudence to make mild.   c. ability to govern well