Read the paragraph.

julian’s fifteen-minute commute to work included countless potholes that jarred his car. the parking lot was overcrowded, and julian’s car had endured a few fender benders. last week, julian’s young neighbor accidentally dented the car’s hood with a poorly aimed baseball. the car had seen better days.

this paragraph is considered a cause-and-effect text because it

describes how the car became damaged.
explains how julian drives his car.
compares julian’s car to others in the lot.
criticizes the neighbor for being careless.