In this problem set, you will implement multidimensional scaling (MDS) from scratch. You may use standard matrix/vector libraries (e. g. numpy) but you must implement two dimensional MDS itself on your own and not use an existing software package. MDS attempts to find an arrangement of points such that the distances between points match human-judged similarities. To do this, we will minimize the stress, which is the squared difference between psychological and MDS distances:

Features of Multidimensional scaling(MDS) from scratch is described below.

Explanation:

Multidimensional scaling (MDS) is a way to reduce the dimensionality of data to visualize it.  We basically want to project our (likely highly dimensional) data into a lower dimensional space and preserve the distances between points.  

If we have some highly complex data that we project into some lower N dimensions, we will assign each point from our data a coordinate in this lower dimensional space, and the idea is that these N dimensional coordinates are ordered based on their ability to capture variance in the data.  Since we can only visualize things in 2D, this is why it is common to assess your MDS based on plotting the first and second dimension of the output.  

If you look at the output of an MDS algorithm, which will be points in 2D or 3D space, the distances represent similarity. So very close points = very similar, and points farther away from one another = less similar.

Working of MDS

The input to the MDS algorithm is our proximity matrix.  There are  two kinds of classical MDS that we could use:  Classical (metric) MDS is for data that has metric properties, like actual distances from a map or calculated from a vector .Nonmetric MDS is for more ordinal data (such as human-provided similarity ratings) for which we can say a 1 is more similar than a 2, but there is no defined (metric) distance between the values of 1 and 2.

Uses

Multidimensional scaling (MDS) is a means of visualizing the level of similarity of individual cases of a dataset. MDS is used to translate "information about the pairwise 'distances' among a set of n objects or individuals" into a configuration of n points mapped into an abstract Cartesian space.

no he didnt use it

explanation:

he said no

answer:

the answer is d

explanation: