Under which conditions (in terms of kinetic energy) does boiling occur? how is the kinetic energy in the liquid increased?

Explanation:

Boiling is defined as a process in which vapor pressure of a liquid substance becomes equal to the atmospheric pressure.

During this change liquid and vapors remain in equilibrium and the equation for this change is as follows.

Therefore, when boiling takes place then average kinetic energy of particles in liquid phase equals to the average kinetic energy of particles in vapor phase.

Hence, we can increase the kinetic energy of particles in liquid phase by increasing the temperature because kinetic energy is directly proportional to temperature as follows.

                       K.E =

- calcium has greater affinity to bond with electron receptors than hydrogen does and hence, it has the ability to replace hydrogen in most of its compounds.

- lithium has 2 valence electrons in the product because it can make only 1 bond with hydrogen. beryllium has 4 valence electrons in the product because it can only make 2 bonds. it has fewer electrons than neon and can react with electron donors. each hydrogen has 2 valence electrons, the same as helium.

- the covalent bond formed between carbon and hydrogen is polar because carbon is more electronegative than hydrogen and it attracts the bonded electron pair closer to itself, thus giving hydrogen a partial positive charge.

- a hydrogen bond is a relatively weak bond that hydrogen atoms make with the electronegative atoms nitrogen, oxygen or fluorine.

so the best choice is a.) 2 calcium (ca) atoms

you didnt put any of the following