How do we make a new gene

Suppose a scientist measures the amount of dna per cell of a particular diploid species at various stages of meiosis. she finds that the meiotic cells contain 3.7 pg , 7.3 pg , or 14.6 pg of dna. match each stage of the cell cycle to the corresponding amount of dna contained within a cell at that stage.

Mouse liver cells were homogenized and the homogenate subjected to equilibrium density-gradient centrifugation with sucrose gradients. fractions obtained from these gradients were assayed for marker molecules (i.e., molecules that are limited to specific organelles). the results of these assays are shown in the figure. the marker molecules have the following functions: cytochrome oxidase is an enzyme involved in the process by which atp is formed in the complete aerobic degradation of glucose or fatty acids; ribosomal rna forms part of the protein-synthesizing ribosomes; catalase catalyzes decomposition of hydrogen peroxide; acid phosphatase hydrolysis monophosphoric esters at acid ph; cytidylyltransferase is involved in phospholipid biosynthesis; and amino acid permease aids in transport of amino acids across membranes. a) name the marker molecule and give the number of the fraction that is most enriched for each of the following cell components: lysosomes; peroxisomes; mitochondria; plasma membrane; rough endoplasmic reticulum; smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

Glucose is broken down in different ways, both in the presence and in the absence of oxygen. using the table for reference, what major products are formed in each reaction set?