"mr. f has taken in a lot of fluid and put out very little. during this period his heart rate has increased a little and his blood pressure has decreased a little. what do you infer from this? "

Mr. F might be having a fluid imbalance/excess .
When you take out a lot of fluid you should be put a lot too, unless you are dehydrated. 
But if you are dehydrated, increasing fluid intake will lessen your heart rate not increase it. So it more likely to be a problem with heart or kidney. When your kidney has a disease and body can't remove excess water, the heart workload will increase and it can cause a reduction in blood pressure or increased heart rate.

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