Which set of details correctly identifies a series of events in a sympathetic pathway?

thoracolumbar origin, long preganglionic fiber, ne release at ganglion, short postganglionic fiber, ne release at effector
craniosacral origin, short preganglionic fiber, ach release at ganglion, long postganglionic fiber, ach release at effector
thoracolumbar origin, short preganglionic fiber, ach release at ganglion, long postganglionic fiber, ne release at effector
craniosacral origin, long preganglionic fiber, ach release at ganglion, short postganglionic fiber, ach release at effector

Answer;

-Thoracolumbar origin, short preganglionic fiber, ACh release at ganglion, long postganglionic fiber, NE release at effector.

Explanation;

-The sympathetic nervous system is part of the autonomic nervous system, which also includes the parasympathetic nervous system. The sympathetic nervous system activates what is often termed the fight or flight response. The sympathetic nervous system operates through a series of interconnected neurons.

-In the sympathetic system, postganglionic are not all the same. Most sympathetic postganglionic neurons are adrenergic, but a few are cholinergic, such as the ones to sweat glands and to smooth muscles of certain blood vessels.

-In the cholinergic synapse, released acetylcholine is degraded down by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, or reabsorbed into the preganglionic neuron. In the adrenergic synapse, released norepinephrine is either reabsorbed into the preganglionic neuron or degraded by catechol-o-methyl transferase enzyme.

from almost the creation of the first true maps of the earth, people started seeing how continents would be able to fit together.   in particular, people noticed that south america fits almost exactly into africa.

you should be aware that while world maps were around early in the 1600’s and better defined by the end of the 1700’s, those maps were not ‘public’ but were treated as state secrets.   and so it was not till much later that the broader ‘science’ community had access to good quality and accurate world maps.

get the whole story here…

it is now known that most of the major continental masses can be fit together in a jigsaw process.   in fact we now know that the continents were indeed once all joined together as one land mass – the supercontinent of pangaea.

if you look at most world maps you will ponder how this is evidence, as the continents really don’t appear to ‘fit’ together very well.   what you need to understand is that the vast majority of maps are drawn using a map projection that has the north and south poles (which are points) are a line the width of the map at the top and bottom.   this means that the map distorts the true shape of the earth’s land and oceans as you love closer to the poles.     some other map projections distort less, but have the map shape looking like segments of an orange.   see here for a range of map projections.   check out the way greenland changes size in each!

what is more remarkable, is the next piece of evidence when added to the shape of continents.

location of mountains and fossils

what is remarkable, when you reassemble all the continents together, the ancient mountain ranges (many now eroded to their cores) and the location of rock types and fossils all match up.