Genetic drift always causes: a) equilibrium in genetic frequencies. b) maladaptive changes in gene frequencies. c) adaptive changes in gene frequencies. d) changes in gene frequencies that are random with respect to adaptation

The correct option is (D).Genetic drift is otherwise known as the Sewall Wright effect or allelic drift and is defined as the change in the allelic frequency of a given population that results due to random sampling .

Explanation:

Genetic drift refers to a phenomenon that is characterized by the change in the allelic frequency of a given population. It results in the disappearance of the gene variants that eventually leads to a reduction in the genetic variation. Occurrence of chance phenomena like emigration and immigration and independent selection eventually leads to genetic drift. This leads to the increment in the homozygosity as the changes in the associated allelic frequency does not move in the optimum predefined direction. The major driving forces is the genetic mutation or migration apart from random selection. The increased frequency and the fixation of rare alleles also occur due to genetic drift.

the answer to your question is tooth decay.

the oldest known insects are believed to live around 400 millions ago as suggested by the fossil records.   some plants having woody stems also evolved during this time.

after the evolution of insects the first four legged species or the tetrapods evolved in shallow freshwater habitats from the intermediate species approximately 397 million years ago. the tetrapods went on conquering the land giving rise to amphibians, reptiles, mammals and birds.

the major split in tetrapods first occurred 340 million years ago branching off from amphibians.

363 million years ago when the carboniferous period began the insects started roaming on land and taking flights, following which the four limbed tetrapods adapted in the terrestrial habitat.