Explain why these steps are bypassed; that is, why gluconeogenesis is not simply a reversal of the reactions of glycolysis. Be sure to describe the thermodynamics of the reactions, and the two reasons behind the thermodynamics.?

Steps 1,  3, and 10 of glycolysis are bypassed in the gluconeogenesis pathway. These steps are spontaneous and irreversible Since the two pathways do not share all the steps this means they are not the irreversible, thus presenting no thermodynamic barrier to the concurrent occurrence of the pathways.

Explanation:

d. sodium chloride ions.

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