To conduct a phylogenetic analysis, we need an outgroup to:

a. determine which character states are ancestral and which are derived.
b. determine which characteristics to include in our analysis.
c. decide which characters are analogous and which are homologous.
d. decide which molecular data to use.

a. determine which character states are ancestral and which are derived.

Explanation:

Phylogenetic analysis is a scientific classification of species based solely on the relationships of evolutionary proximity between different species, reconstructing the history of their diversification (phylogenesis) from the origin of life on earth to the present.

In all cases it is advisable to use different methods of phylogenetic reconstruction, as well as the comparative analysis of the topology of the different phylogenetic trees and the calculation of the robustness of each of them.

enzyme active site and substrate specificity

enzymes bind with chemical reactants called substrates. there may be one or more substrates for each type of enzyme, depending on the particular chemical reaction. in some reactions, a single-reactant substrate is broken down into multiple products

some fungi obtain their nutrients from a living host (plant or animal) and are called most biotrophic fungi have fairly narrow host ranges—they are specialized on a limited called rhizomorphs that allow the fungus to grow from one tree to another. ascospores are formed inside a sac-like structure called an ascus. so your answer is a