Match the following.
1 . dihybrid cross breeding of individuals which have genes for two different characteristics
2 . meiosis a type of cell division used to produce gametes
3 . test cross a grid system used to predict possible combinations of genes due to random fertilization
4 . punnett square breeding the individual with the dominant trait to a homozygous recessive for that trait

1 . Dihybrid cross: Breeding of individuals which have genes for two different characteristics

2 . Meiosis: A type of cell division used to produce gametes

3 . Test cross:  Breeding the individual with the dominant trait to a homozygous recessive for that trait

4 . Punnett square: A grid system used to predict possible combinations of genes due to random fertilization

Explanation:

A dihybrid cross is a cross between two individuals both of which are heterozygous for two genes. It takes into account of inheritance of alleles of two genes. For example, TtRr x TtRr is a dihybrid cross. A standard dihybrid cross gives the phenotype ratio of 9:3:3:1.  

Meiosis is a type of cell division that forms four haploid cells from a single diploid parent cell. The daughter cells carry new gene combinations and differ genetically from the parent cell. Male and female gametes are formed when the respective germ cells undergo meiosis. For instance, meiosis in spermatogonia produce sperms, the male gametes.

A test cross is a cross wherein an individual expressing a dominant trait is crossed with a homozygous recessive individual for the same trait. The cross tells about the genotype of the dominant individual. Production of progeny with only dominant trait shows that the dominant parent was homozygous for the trait. Production of both dominant and recessive progeny reflects the heterozygosity of the dominant parent.

Punnett square is a grid structure that allows direct calculation of the probabilities of obtaining all the possible offspring of a genetic cross. It shows all the possible combinations of male and female gametes at fertilization.  

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explanation:

transcription is a process in which information is rewritten. it is something our cells must do, in a more specialized and narrowly defined way. in biology, transcription is the process of copying out the dna sequence of a gene in the similar alphabet of rna. it needs to happen in the nucleus because that's where the dna is. dna is always inside the nucleus unless the cell is dividing.

transcription is the first step in gene expression, which involves copying a gene's dna sequence to make an rna molecule. transcription is performed by rna polymerases. it has three stages: initiation, elongation, and termination. rna molecules must be processed after transcription in eukaryotes.

explanation:

long version:

the protein synthesis consists two processes which are, transcription and translation. transcription takes place in the nucleus. it uses dna as a template to make an rna molecule. rna then leaves the nucleus and goes to a ribosome in the cytoplasm, where translation occurs. transcription is the first part of the central dogma of molecular biology: dna → rna. it is the transfer of genetic instructions in dna to messenger rna (mrna). during transcription, a strand of mrna is made that is complementary to a strand of dna.  

these three stages are:

  initiation: in which   is the beginning of transcription.occuring when the enzyme rna polymerase binds to a region of a gene called the promoter. this signals the dna to unwind so the enzyme can ‘‘read’’ the bases in one of the dna strands. the enzyme is now ready to make a strand of mrna with a complementary sequence of bases.

    elongation: in which is the addition of nucleotides to the mrna strand. rna polymerase reads the unwound dna strand and builds the mrna molecule, using complementary base pairs. there is a brief time during this process when the newly formed rna is bound to the unwound dna. during this process, an adenine (a) in the dna binds to an uracil (u) in the rna.

    termination: in which is the ending of transcription, and occurs when rna polymerase crosses a stop (termination) sequence in the gene. the mrna strand is complete, and it detaches from dna.