The mitotic spindle is a part of a cell that allows for the movement of sister chromatids to opposite poles of the cell during the later stages of mitosis. which problem would most likely occur if the mitotic spindle stopped functioning in a cell? (bio.1e.2)

As mentioned in the question, The mitotic spindle is a part of a cell that allows for the movement of sister chromatids to opposite poles of the cell during the later stages of mitosis.

However, if due to any reason, mitotic spindles donot function properly, it will hinder the separation of spindle fibers and chromosomes will not be separated from each other. This is commonly termed a s a condition of Nondisjunction  of chrosmosomes where they fail to separate during mitosis. This results in the production of extra chromosomes or missing chromosomes - a condition called  aneuploidy.

If this condition occurs in embryos like they have extra or missing chromosomes, they do not survive in main cases and the chances of their survival are only 0.3 percent.

However, if a child is born with such chromosomal defects called aneuploids, they have severe physiological or genetic conditions.

For example: Down syndrome in which there is an extra chromosome 21 in the offspring, this condition is also known as trisomy. In this genetic disease, the offspring manifest a series of physiological problems like mild to moderate intellectual disability,physical growth delays and characteristic facial features.

There are also many other genetic diseases associated with chromosomal non-disjuction such as  Turner syndrome, Patau Syndrome Edward’s Syndrome,  and Kleinfelter’s Syndrome.

Hope it help!

b is the best answer for this question.

an individual’s sex (i.e., whether they are a male or female) is determined by the sex chromosomes. most people have two sex chromosomes, one that is inherited from their mother and one that is inherited from their father. typically, females have two x chromosomes (xx) and males have one x chromosome and one y chromosome (xy). conditions caused by changes (“mutations”) in genes located on the x chromosome are considered x-linked.

x-linked recessive inheritance

most x-linked conditions are recessive. this means that in a person with two x chromosomes (most females), both copies of a gene (i.e., one on each x chromosome) must have a change or mutation whereas in a person with one x chromosome (most males), only one copy of a gene must have a mutation. a female with a mutation in one copy of a gene on the x chromosome is said to be a “carrier” for an x-linked condition. a male with a mutation in a gene on the x chromosome is typically affected with the condition. because females have two copies of the x chromosome and males have only one x chromosome, x-linked recessive diseases are more common among males than females. however, x-linked recessive diseases can occur in both males and females.

for x-linked recessive disorders, an unaffected carrier mother who has a mutation in a gene on the x chromosome can transmit either the x chromosome with this mutation or a “normal” x chromosome to her children. if the father is unaffected, none of her daughters will be affected and all of her daughters will be unaffected—since they will inherit at least one normal x chromosome from their father. however, each daughter will have a 50% chance of being an unaffected carrier like her mother and a 50% chance of both x chromosomes being normal.