Astudent is conducting their science experiment on the effect of caffeine on dogs. he has 3 groups of test subjects. the 1st group of dogs receives plain water. the 2nd group of dogs receives 10 mg of caffeine each, and the 3rd group receives 50 mg of caffeine each. he will measure their activity levels by recording how long each dog runs without stopping, after giving them the pills. what is the independent variable in this experiment?

The independent variable of an experiment is the one that is intentionally changed or manipulated to see the results of changing said variable.

We are told that in each different group, the amount of caffeine that is given to the dogs changes - in the control group, they get no caffeine, in the 2nd group, they get 10 mg of caffeine each, and in the 3rd group, they get 50 mg of caffeine each.

Therefore, since the amount of caffeine that is given to the dogs is the only variable that is being manipulated, this is the independent variable.

emerging idea only occurs as a raw idea that could appear out of nowhere. meanwhile, to reach scientific consensus , that idea must be structured and tested over and over again through various experiments. the scientific consensus transforms the raw idea into idea that is more reliable through the process of scientific elimination.