Both petroleum and coal are made up of complex carbon-based molecules, and both originated with living creatures of some kind. both are vital sources of energy for the modern world and both were formed by geologic processes over millions of years. however, petroleum was mainly formed from the remains of ocean-dwelling microorganisms. coal, on the other hand, originated from decayed vegetation in ancient swamps and bogs. in any case, it took millions of years for both coal and oil to be produced. this is the case because it took that much time for overlying sediments to produce the unimaginable heat and pressure that would one day allow us to harvest these energy resources. 4. what is one clue word or phrase in the passage that indicates a contrast?
a. however
b. in any case
c. both
d. because

In which sentence does the verb agree with the subject? a. dominoes or a board game are a good choice for tonight. b. either mom or dad cook dinner for the family each night. c. neither braids nor a ponytail keeps my hair out of my eyes. d. either mom or dad cook dinner for the family each night.

Padma has written a paper on the effects of the black death, a plague that struck europe in 1347 and killed millions of people. she focused on three major results of the plague: • a smaller population after the plague led to higher wages and greater independence for workers. • the power of the catholic church weakened because so many members had died and others had lost their faith. • a lack of farm workers led more people to raise livestock rather than planting crops, changing the european diet. read her conclusion: it does not seem right to say that an experience as horrifying as the black death had any “good” sides. still, the changes that followed the plague improved the lives of peasants. people who had previously lived in poverty, forced to work for a single employer, now had higher wages and the freedom to change jobs. even so, the continent had been devastated and would take many years to recover. which statement best evaluates her conclusion? a. the conclusion effectively summarizes all the writer’s main points. b. the conclusion is engaging, but it introduces an unnecessary new idea. c. the conclusion is engaging, but only summarizes one of the writer’s points. d. the conclusion is engaging but it does not summarize any of the writer’s main points.

We dare not forget today that we are the heirs of that first revolution. let the word go forth from this time and place, to friends and foe alike, that the torch has been passed to a new generation of americans-born in this century, tempered by war, disciplined by hard and bitter peace, proud of our ancient heritage-and unwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of those human rights to which we are committed today at home and around the world. let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear by burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe, in order to assure the survival and the success of liberty.