What do the spread of and changes in languages tell about the cultures of the world?

Which type of irb review does not require an irb approval but does require a determination by the irb or an irb designee?

Which of the following is an essential element of a strong informative/explanatory text? a. it expresses an opinion on a topic. b. it has a clear organizational structure. c. it uses text features, such as headings. d. it includes graphic elements, such as images.

Opowieść wigilijna duch teraźniejszy: 1.elementy wizji 2. reakcja na ducha 3.jak duch wypłyną na zmianę scrooga ktoś pomoże?