Early exploration of africa by europeans was hindered by the 1. lack of natural resources in africa 2.alliances between african kingdoms 3.isolationist policies of european monarchs 4. many different physical features of africa

4) The many different physical features of Africa

European ships struggled to dock in Africa, furthermore the land was covered in deserts, rivers, and mountains and most exploration was by foot, which was made harder by the hot climate. The rivers were unnavigable and the water wasn't deep enough for most ships.