In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, popes called for crusades against
any groups they thought threatened catholicism.
catholics living in northern europe.
powerful kings in france and spain.
the mongols who lived in asia.

In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, popes called for crusades against "any groups they thought threatened Catholicism."

The Crusades were a progression of religious wars endorsed by the Latin Church in the medieval period. The most normally known Crusades are the battles in the Eastern Mediterranean went for recouping the Holy Land from Muslim administer, however the expression "Crusades" is likewise connected to other church-authorized battles. These were battled for an assortment of reasons including the concealment of agnosticism and blasphemy, the goals of contention among opponent Roman Catholic gatherings, or for political and regional preferred standpoint. At the season of the early Crusades the word did not exist, just turning into the main clear term around 1760.

answer; i believe the best and correct answer is stronger bonds between the nations of africa;