For information to travel from either the iconic or echoic sensory system to short-term memory, it must first be and then encoded primarily into form. unconsciously chosen; auditory biologically chosen; visual selectively attended to; auditory selectively attended to; visual

Answerselectively attended to; auditory

An informal structure in a bureaucracy would be something like so-called "office politics". where there's a formal structure set up for the organization, but then an informal subculture as well that has a way of organizing the bureaucracy further. this can be positive because it sets up an added degree of organization, albeit informal, within the bureaucracy.

The one that most represents the earths mantle would be the skin since the mantle is the upper part of the earths depths which is just like the skin of an apple.