In all probability, the sociology professor giving this test would be totally unable to grade a test given in the chemistry department. what aspect of bureaucracy does this illustrate?

I believe the answer is: Specialization.
In bureaucracy, specialization Refers to the creation of several departments that functioned to handle only a specific part of the overall operation.
In University environment, this could be seen in the creation of several departments that responsible in handling their specific major and subjects.