Plzz 1.how has geography shaped the history of arabia and iraq? 2.why did muslims split into shia and sunni groups?

1.The geographic considerations of warfare were once as simple as the nearly instinctive imperative to occupy the "high ground." Through the centuries, however, geography has played a critical role in military epics such as Hannibal's crossing of the Alps and the American Revolution.
2.A dispute over succession to Muhammad as a caliph of the Islamic community spread across various parts of the world, which led to the Battle of Jamal and Battle of Siffin. ... Although all Muslim groups consider the Quran to be divine, Sunni andShia have different opinions on hadith.

He was an adventurer and writer who established a colony near roanoke island, in present day north coralina.