Before the 1700s some people believed that life came from mud or decaying meat what is this theory called

This theory is called spontaneous generation: before the 1700 people believed that life could be generated spontaneously from mud or decaying meat, because they observed that, after some time, flies appeared from decay meat, leading them to the conclusion that life could be spontaneously generated.

This theory was refused from both Louis Pasteur and Francesco Redi: they both demonstrated, with similar experiments, that the spontaneous generation theory was false.

The experiment is quite simple, and it’s based on two pieces of meat: one is left exposed to the air, one is covered to prevent exposure. After some time, from the piece of meat exposed some flies started to appear, while the covered piece of meat was free of flies.

This result proved that the theory of spontaneous generation was false. 

The experiment is based on a principle called “manipulated variable”: a single variable is the object of a controlled experiment, in which two test is conducted at the same time, in order to prove that the difference of results in the two tests is caused by the only different variable (in this case, the variable is the exposure to the air and the hypothesis is that the flies appeared in the decaying meat not because of spontaneous generation but because larvas where carrying out by air).  

freeborn women in ancient rome were citizens (cives), but could not vote or hold political office. because of their limited public role, women are named less frequently than men by roman historians. but while roman women held no direct political power, those from wealthy or powerful families could and did exert influence through private negotiations. exceptional women who left an undeniable mark on history range from lucretia and claudia quinta, whose stories took on mythic significance; fierce republican-era women such as cornelia, mother of the gracchi, and fulvia, who commanded an army and issued coins bearing her image; women of the julio-claudian dynasty, most prominently livia (58 bc-ad 29), who contributed to the formation of imperial mores; and the empress helena (c.250–330 ad), a driving force in promoting christianity.

women in the ancient greek world had few rights in comparison to male citizens. unable to vote, own land, or inherit, a woman’s place was in the home and her purpose in life was the rearing of children. this, though, is a general description, and when considering the role of women in ancient greece one should remember that information regarding specific city-states is often lacking, is almost always from male authors, and only in athens can their status and role be described in any great detail. neither are we sure of the practical and everyday application of the rules and laws that have survived from antiquity. we do know that spartan women were treated somewhat differently than in other states. for example, they had to do physical training like men, were permitted to own land, and could drink wine.

abolish

do away with

unanimous

in complete agreement

secede

separate; break free

inauguration

starting a new position with a formal ceremony.

cooperationist

people who wanted the north to cooperate with the south

surrender

to give up

volunteer

perform a service for free

draft

involuntary service in military

retreat

withdraw; move away from enemy

advisor

expert who gives advice

explanation: