All of the following are categories used to classify problems except problems of a. arrangement b. inducing structure c. transformation d. schematic completion

The correct answer is option D. "schematic completion".

Explanation:

According to the problem solving theory, the problems are classified in different categories depending on the cognitive skills required to solve them. However, schematic completion is not a category of problem, actually schematic completion is a strategy used to get to a problem solution through the representation of each element that participates in the problem and how they are interconnected.

an informal structure in a bureaucracy would be something like so-called "office politics". where there's a formal structure set up for the organization, but then an informal subculture as well that has a way of organizing the bureaucracy further. this can be positive because it sets up an added degree of organization, albeit informal, within the bureaucracy.