Kamal often takes illicit drugs recreationally. even though he knows it is illegal and potentially deadly, he says to himself, "i only do it once in a while, and i won't get caught or become addicted! " in order to reduce cognitive dissonance, kamal is engaging in

Kamal is engaging in rationalization. This is known to be a defense mechanism in which an individual is likely to explain a certain behavior in a logical manner in which is a way to avoid the true meaning or hidden meaning of the behavior that the individual has showed.

the old way of life was represented by superstition, an angry god, and absolute submission to authority. the thinkers of the age of reason ushered in a new way of thinking. this new way championed the accomplishments of humankind. individuals did not have to accept despair. science and reason could bring happiness and progress. kings did not rule by divine right. they had an obligation to their subjects. europeans pondered the implications for nearly a century. americans put them into practice first.