In one study, business executives who scored very high on the index of stressful life events seemed impervious to the physical effects of stress in that they had few illnesses. in this study, these executives shared the personality characteristic of:

The concept of Hardiness, otherwise known as personality hardiness was presented by Suzanne C. Kobasa in the year 1979. Kobasa describes that those in administrative jobs like managers etc. stay and maintain their health under life stress as compared to others. 

manifest functions are the recognized and intended consequences of any social pattern, while latent functions are those unrecognized and unintended consequences. to analyze the manifest functions of any social institution, we have to study its contribution to the continuation of a group, community, or society.

permafrost layer, it exists beneath a layer of soil, rock or sediment.