The polygraph, or "lie detector", measures primarily the component of emotions.

A polygraph, which people know more commonly as lie detector is a device which actually measures one’s various biological or physiological responses such as BP, respiration, pulse rate and other relative components at the time when the process of detecting lie is ongoing and with that it is determined whether the person is saying the truth or not.

it depends on which society you are referring to. many civilization performed rituals so the gods would with their growing season but the most well known is that of the aztecs. they would make sacrifices, usually animals, but sometimes humans as well.

this is not a question