Who among the framers of the constitution noted that no issue was more likely to provoke conflict that how society's resources are distributed?

The answer is James Madison. He was an American statesman and also one of the Founding Father who served as the fourth President of the United States from 1809 to 1817. He is the "Father of the Constitution" for his fundamental role in drafting and endorsing the United States Constitution and the Bill of Rights. 

it depends on which society you are referring to. many civilization performed rituals so the gods would with their growing season but the most well known is that of the aztecs. they would make sacrifices, usually animals, but sometimes humans as well.

answer; no longer than a reasonable period of time;