The turning point in the rise of the ottomans as a dynasty controlling the mightiest empire in the world was: a. the conquest of constantinople, the famous capital of the byzantine. b. the re-establishment of the shura as the classic islamic method of leadership election. c. creating a system of military meritocracy where the best general is elected to lead the empire. d. defeating the persian shia empire in the east and expanding to the indus river.