If a psychologist studies the hidden meanings that people of different countries attach to their birthday greetings, she is studying which cultural characteristics

an informal structure in a bureaucracy would be something like so-called "office politics". where there's a formal structure set up for the organization, but then an informal subculture as well that has a way of organizing the bureaucracy further. this can be positive because it sets up an added degree of organization, albeit informal, within the bureaucracy.

answer; developmental;

answer; rational if melanie values sleep more highly than the benefits she expects to receive from attending the class;

answer; primary memory;