All of the following are characteristic of the thought processes of middle childhood, according to Piaget, EXCEPT: a. the ability to mentally retrace steps when problem solving. b. the ability to manipulate abstract ideas and symbols. c. the understanding that transformations in appearance do not change the basic properties of number, mass, and volume. d. thinking that includes consideration of alternatives.

b. the ability to manipulate abstract ideas and symbols.

Explanation:

Jean Piaget was a famous psychologist from Switzerland. Piaget holds a place of great importance on children's education. He is well known for his study on child development all over the world.

Jean Piaget developed the cognitive developmental theory where he states that every child moves through 4 different stages of their mental development.

According to him, a child has the ability to mentally retrace the steps when a problem is solved. Their cognitive understanding includes the consideration of the alternatives while growing and learning things.

Therefore, the correct option is (b).

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