Ricardo says that his main problem is his chemistry professor. He says that she makes his life miserable on purpose and if he could only change majors or get a different professor his life would be great. Ricardo could be described as a(n) client

Externalizing

Explanation:

Externalizing: In psychology, the term "externalizing" is described as a concept that was proposed in the field of "family therapy" during the 1980s. Externalizing tends to locate specific problems as a product of history and culture but not within people. Therefore, these problems are comprehending to have been "socially created and constructed" over time.

According to Sigmund Freud, "externalization" is referred to as an unconscious "defense mechanism" through which a person tends to "project" his/her own "internal characteristics" onto the world around, peculiarly onto other individuals.

In the question above, Ricardo could be described as an "externalizing client" as he's stating his chemistry teacher as a source of the problem.

as university of miami psychologists debra lieberman and adam smith pointed out in a recent article in the journal current directions in psychological science, humans have social and psychological mechanisms to deter incest. with very few exceptions, marriages between brothers and sisters and between parents and their children are verboten in every human culture. the primary psychological anti-incest mechanism is the yuck response. even the idea of sex with their mom or dad, bro or sis is upsetting to most people. the psychologist jonathan haidt has found that nearly everyone is repelled by the prospect of brother-sister sex, even in hypothetical situations in which there is no chance of pregnancy).

the biological cost of incest

this raises an interesting question: just what’s so bad about incest? sure, having sex with your dad or your sister seems gross — but why? some anthropologists have argued that incest taboos are learned social conventions. this explanation, however, doesn’t make sense to me as it does not explain the widespread existence of anti-incest mechanisms in creatures ranging from cockroaches to chimpanzees. second, the incest taboo is about as close to a universal law as human moral rules get.

why should mechanisms to avoid incest be so widespread both in nature and across human societies? the answer is simple. the problem with having sex close with relatives is that there is an astonishingly high chance that your offspring will be born with a serious birth defect.