Recall that Berkowitz and his colleagues asked pairs of men to work on a series of problems, and they were instructed to deliver shocks to their partner when his performance needed improvement. Some participants were induced to experience anger during the task, whereas others were not. In addition, some participants could see no objects next to the shocking machine, some participants saw neutral objects next to the machine, and some participants saw a gun next to the machine. Consistent with the neo-associationistic perspective, results showed that